difficult airway
apneic oxygenation
Based on a literature review of studies conducted between 1980 and 2017, "Nasal cannula oxygenation during intubation procedures seems to prevent or delay desaturation in all patients except those with primary respiratory failure." Gleason, et al (2018). Western Journal of Emergency Medicine.
bougie
The bougie is a semi-rigid plastic gummy rod that can be molded to form a more useful angle to pass through the cords and subsequently allow for the tube to be passed over it and into the trachea. The benefit lies in the modifiable angle and greater total length that increases maneuverability. This is specifically useful with the difficult anatomic airway, which is most commonly caused by airway structures being located more anteriorly. If the epiglottis is unable to be adequately elevated by laryngoscopy, the bougie is an excellent choice to convert the airway into a modified Seldinger technique (i.e. entering a space with a wire and advancing a cannula over it). Below are several grips used with a preloaded bougie.